Aristotle and Relationship at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aristotle and Relationship at Work - Essay Example The strengths most appropriately human, at that point, are the scholarly strengths, and joy comprises principally in action as per those strengths - it is a type of scholarly action Aristotle considers satisfaction to be one of the primary issues in life of people. In his works, satisfaction is alluded as eudaimonia. To state that joy concerns the spirit or the illustrator is to state that human thriving requires the activity of sure of the resources by which life is characterized; specifically, an individual can't be said to prosper as a person except if he is practicing particularly human resources. Bliss is a movement 'as per greatness (Kraut 83). To prosper is to do certain things amazingly or well. A man who practices his resources yet does so wastefully or severely can't be supposed to make an accomplishment of his life. At that point what are the strengths as per which we should act on the off chance that we are to make an achievement of things Aristotle recognizes strengths of character and strengths of astuteness. The previous incorporate both what we consider as good ideals - fearlessness, liberality, reasonableness, etc, and furthermore such demeanors as a legitimate sense of pride, a suitable level of conspicuousness, and mind; the last incorporate such things as information, decision making ability, 'functional shrewdness'. What's more, Aristotle invests some energy in talking about the semi greatness of companionship (Chang 64). As per Pangle: For the quest for this most elevated great must start definitely by scrutinizing the integrity of what is one's own, the decency of the prevailing devotions of those among whom one is conceived, and the probability that straightforward association with related spirits can ever be the center of joy, as bewitchingly alluring as it might appear (35). Subsequently any decision or ownership of the characteristic merchandise, products of the body, riches, companions, or whatever other great, which will best deliver consideration by the god [that is to state, by our acumen, the god inside us], is ideal and is the best norm; and any which, either as a result of insufficiency or in light of abundance, keeps us from developing the god and from thinking about, is terrible.' To prosper, to make an accomplishment of life, requires commitment in scholarly interests. Aristotle believed that such interests were enormously agreeable, and that the scholarly life offered an unrivaled bliss Chang 64). Companionship is seen by Aristotle as an ideal objectives of human relations, however he acknowledges fellowship between approaches as it were. Aristotle records some characterizing qualities of companionship. A companion wishes and does what is useful for

International Purchasing and Supply-Chain Management Essay

Global Purchasing and Supply-Chain Management - Essay Example Besides, the current work presents some amazing ideas and models relating to buying and flexibly chain the board. It was discovered that none of these models could really clarify in detail the overall plan of action that Wal-Mart utilized. Be that as it may, Porter’s esteem chain model and Reck and Long model were found to have nearer similarity to Wal-Mart’s utilized model at present. In any case, there is a significant motivation to accept that Wal-Mart considers buying and flexibly chain the board as vital segments of a general promoting action, as opposed to isolate substances as Porter recommended in his worth chain model. Watchwords: Wal-Mart, buying, gracefully chain the executives, esteem chain Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 3 What Wal-Mart is doing? 4 What the ideas and models are stating? 9 Evaluation of Wal-Mart’s approach 13 Conclusion 15 References 16 Introduction Every firm has its own story to tell, including its unassuming orig in, its good and bad times en route, lastly the significant moves it may have placed into thought so as to arrive at the most noteworthy point where it may have effectively arranged itself at present. There are numerous organizations that at long last arrived at this point. Among them is Wal-Mart, a firm that is something beyond a name, however it discusses an incentive for clients, that is the reason it is one of the most perceived retail brands and organizations on the planet for purchaser products. The firm is generally perceived as the retailing goliath with significant activities across 28 nations under 60 distinct pennants. It had the option to fan out abroad, broadening its upper hand path past the bound of the serious market in the United States. Wal-Mart is a retailer of purchaser merchandise that Sam Walton established in 1962. Its definitive methodology is to offer items with low expenses. Its ease procedure is the main wellspring of its upper hand, yet behind this, its b uying and flexibly chain the executives have incredible commitment as well, which have become the basic essential enthusiasm among different business specialists in the academe and in the real business world. The firm can keep up its notoriety in the retailing business by relying on its buying and gracefully chain the executives. Here where the firm can create extraordinary volume, a proceeding with development of its enormous scope and in the long run lower cost for its item contributions. The firm can set up effective and propelled stock administration framework, and little and not all that expensive advancement and publicizing endeavors. Concerning this, it is of incredible enthusiasm to know whether the overall ideas and models about the buying and gracefully chain the board ponder the state of Wal-Mart at present. As to point, the current work attempts to fundamentally assess the Wal-Mart way to deal with buying and flexibly chain the executives against models and ideas investi gated in the class. There are numerous significant focuses to be talked about with respect to the above goal, yet it is essential to consider first the things that Wal-Mart is doing in the business, fundamentally with regards to buying and su

Why Take an Online Course

Why Take an Online Course Why Take an Online Course? Why Take an Online Course? The Internet has taken over our modern world. You can do anything online, from buying groceries to watching television and talking to your relatives across the world. You can pay bills, traffic tickets, car insurance, and loans online and some banks even let you deposit checks through an app. With all this technology at our disposal, it’s no wonder that most universities offer online courses. There are so many benefits to taking an online course. Here are just a few of them. Flexibility is key. Online courses allow for working around one’s schedule. If you have a full-time or even part-time job, you won’t have to worry about scheduling around hour-long classes and having to attend both commitments. The time frame for online courses is usually a week at a time, so you have a lot more room to get assignments done without rushing them. This is excellent for adults who are looking to make a career change but can’t afford to take the time to go back to school. Comfort is also a big factor. Online courses can be completed from the comfort of one’s home. You could even do the course in your pyjamas if you want to. Sometimes people are more productive when they work in an environment that is familiar and comfortable to them, like their house or a local coffee shop. There are other benefits as well, including more job opportunities and more options. Online courses create more work for instructors, and they open up more positions for employment. These employees are still highly educated professionals, but now there are more part-time opportunities to teach online courses on the side. There are also specific online classes that cater to alternative needs, such as computer courses or courses that are created simply for one’s niche interests. For example, Portland State University in the United States offers online craft brewing certificates. Taking an online course does have some downfalls. Taking all online courses means that one is removing themselves from the university experience. They do not get to know their instructor or classmates on a personal level, and group projects are virtually non-existent. However, this traditional classroom experience is not ideal for everyone and online classes make it so that there are many more options available. Homework Help Canada has writers who know how to provide the best assistance possible with distance education learning, or online learning. Regardless of the work you need done, we can give you a quality submission without the worry. References: Littlefield, J. (N.d.). Top jobs in online education. Retrieved 30 August, 2015, from Top-Jobs-in-Online-Education.htm Littlefield, J. (N.d.). Online college programs for people who hate college. Retrieved 30 August, 2015, from Online-College-Programs-for-People-Who-Hate-College.htm Why Take an Online Course Why Take an Online Course? Why Take an Online Course? The Internet has taken over our modern world. You can do anything online, from buying groceries to watching television and talking to your relatives across the world. You can pay bills, traffic tickets, car insurance, and loans online and some banks even let you deposit checks through an app. With all this technology at our disposal, it’s no wonder that most universities offer online courses. There are so many benefits to taking an online course. Here are just a few of them. Flexibility is key. Online courses allow for working around one’s schedule. If you have a full-time or even part-time job, you won’t have to worry about scheduling around hour-long classes and having to attend both commitments. The time frame for online courses is usually a week at a time, so you have a lot more room to get assignments done without rushing them. This is excellent for adults who are looking to make a career change but can’t afford to take the time to go back to school. Comfort is also a big factor. Online courses can be completed from the comfort of one’s home. You could even do the course in your pyjamas if you want to. Sometimes people are more productive when they work in an environment that is familiar and comfortable to them, like their house or a local coffee shop. There are other benefits as well, including more job opportunities and more options. Online courses create more work for instructors, and they open up more positions for employment. These employees are still highly educated professionals, but now there are more part-time opportunities to teach online courses on the side. There are also specific online classes that cater to alternative needs, such as computer courses or courses that are created simply for one’s niche interests. For example, Portland State University in the United States offers online craft brewing certificates. Taking an online course does have some downfalls. Taking all online courses means that one is removing themselves from the university experience. They do not get to know their instructor or classmates on a personal level, and group projects are virtually non-existent. However, this traditional classroom experience is not ideal for everyone and online classes make it so that there are many more options available. Homework Help USA has writers who know how to provide the best assistance possible with distance education learning, or online learning. Regardless of the work you need done, we can give you a quality submission without the worry. References: Littlefield, J. (N.d.). Top jobs in online education. Retrieved 30 August, 2015, from Top-Jobs-in-Online-Education.htm Littlefield, J. (N.d.). Online college programs for people who hate college. Retrieved 30 August, 2015, from Online-College-Programs-for-People-Who-Hate-College.htm

Corporate Social Responsibility Nike - 1312 Words

With enormous ethical issues and pressures facing the industry, many corporations have turned to enacting policies regarding corporate social responsibility. By adopting activities that work to aid society and the environment, corporations ultimately increase profits and improve brand image. Several organizations in the apparel industry have used socially responsible activities to rebuild reputations. Today, according to Nike’s official website, they define their â€Å"Nike Responsibility† as: â€Å"Explore. Innovate. Scale. Collaborate. These themes define our sustainability journey, one that considers impacts across our value chain including labor, environment and communities. We ve been on this journey long enough to know that real change – long-term, lasting change – will only be possible by taking new paths and making breakthroughs.† (â€Å"Sustainable Business Report,† n.d.) Indeed, since the 1990’s Nike has made several strides toward improving their social impact. Nike products are sold in over 140 countries around the world and manufactured in 46 countries; over ninety percent of manufacturing is done in Asia alone (Connor, 2010). This wildly successful corporation took a drastic hit when the public began questioning how ethical Nike’s practices were in the early 1990’s. After years of consistent reports on low wages and poor working conditions, Nike established a department responsible for improving the lives of factory workers in 1996 (Nisen, 2013). However, many efforts madeShow MoreRelatedNike and Social Corporate Responsibility1059 Words   |  5 PagesBowerman founded Blue Ribbon Sports in 1964. The company started as being a distributor of Onituska Tiger athletic shoes which were imported from Japan. In 1971 they broke away from Onituska and created their own of shoes. The company was renamed, Nike. It became the largest worldwide seller of athletic shoes. They branched out and created various products lines; shoes , clothing, sporting goods and digital devices. They used celebrities to promote their products. The first athlete to wear andRead MoreNike Responses Corporate Social Responsibility Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesNIKE CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY REPORT Introduction Background: Nike is the leading company in sports and fitness fields and located near Beaverton, Oregon (CSRwire, 2012). In 1998, The New York Times exposed that Nike paid workers in China and Vietnam less than two American dollars a day. The aim of this report is to search how Nike response Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Theory: There are five dimensions of corporate social responsibility: physical environment, social (community)Read MoreCase Study : Managing Ethical Organization1377 Words   |  6 PagesMissteps—Sweatshops to Leadership in Employment Practices †¢ Why did Nike fail to address corporate social responsibility early on? The Nike brand was created in 1972, and renamed to Nike in 1978, and has since grown to be the largest worldwide seller of athletic goods, with approximately 168 Nike stores in the United States and a presence in about 160 countries. (Ferrell, O.., 2003) During the time Nike brand was created corporate responsibility was not considered a major deal yet and there were severalRead MoreThe Conception Of Corporate Social Responsibility1236 Words   |  5 PagesSocial responsibility is the accountability of companies for the contacts of its results along with actions on civilization and the surroundings, through crystal clear and ethical performance with the purpose of gives to continue progress together with the strength and the benefit of people. The truth so as to the expressions itself has tainted above this point also recommends that the significance qualified to perception for example, corporate social responsibility will maintain to progress inRead MoreNike: the Sweatshop Deb ate Essay1494 Words   |  6 PagesNike: The Sweatshop Debate MGT/448 May 31, 2010 Instructor: Adrianne Ford Nike: The Sweatshop Debate The purpose and intent of this paper is to describe the legal, cultural, and ethical challenges that face the Nike Corporation in their global business ventures. This paper will also touch on the roles of the host government and countries where Nike manufactures their products and the author will summarize the strategic and operational challenges that Nike managers face in globalization ofRead MoreSocial Audit Responsibility977 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility The process of building a corporate social responsibility: Corporations while they need to conduct a strategy to become socially responsible, they usually passes through a process that leads it at the end to achieve what is called by â€Å"Civil learning†. In order to achieve this level –which is the highest level of a corporate social responsibility- , they are two dimensions: †¢ The organizational level †¢ The societal level The case of Nike as famous corporateRead MoreSocial Responsibility in Stakeholder Theory1509 Words   |  7 Pages 2. Social responsibility in stakeholder theory 3 2.1 Why social responsibility? 3 3. Limitations 4 4. Case study examples: Starbucks amp; Nike 4 5. Conclusion 5 6. References 6 7. Appendixes 9 Appendix A 9 Appendix B 10 1. Introduction This report focuses on social responsibility issue focusing on stakeholder theory. Social responsibility will be introduced and defined based on stakeholder theory. Next, analysis on the importance and limitations of social responsibility willRead MoreNike CSR Analysis1581 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ CSR Analysis and Impact on Operations Nike has a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that includes its commitment to the environment and is a signatory of the UN Global Compact. Nike has created a team of sustainability managers led by an independent director. Its environmental goals include producing eco-friendly products and minimizing its environmental impact through the reduction of greenhouse gases, organic solvents and PVCs. Nike acknowledges the difficulty of tracking environmentalRead MoreSocial responsibility and Ethics in International Business Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pagessuccess of companies in exploiting emerging opportunities and tackling their accompanying challenges relies heavily on how deeply they understand the dynamics of their operating environment† (as cited by Abebe, Elmuti, Minnis, 2005, p. 1024). Social responsibility and ethics Global expansion has developed a strategic imperative for nearly all large organizations and their managers. They have a great deal on their hands in developing, monitoring and changing their strategies. Becoming internationalRead MoreNike s Code Of Ethics Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesNike first began it success four decades ago, but in the process has violated multiple laws in order to gain profit. Nike has had so many business dilemmas including issues such as, their Code of ethics, exercised social responsibility, global impact, and their ability to conduct sustainable businesses world-wide. There are a multitude of advantages disadvantages of the Nike Corporation. Furthermore, there are multiple ways Nike can overcome their financial crises as a company. The Nike Corporation

Analysis Of Richard Rodriguez s Hunger Of Memory

Education is arguably the base of the American Dream. Any person can start with nearly nothing, but through education, he or she can become successful. In Hunger of Memory, Richard Rodriguez told the story of how education allowed him to change from a boy who was â€Å"...able to understand some fifty stray English words†(9) to a scholar working in the British Museum. Obviously, Rodriguez appreciates the doors that education opened for him over the course of his life, but his autobiography reveals a dark side to the pursuit of higher education in America. Over the course of his autobiography, he admits that the more time he puts into his studies, the more aspects of his personal life he loses. His autobiography offers insight to the hidden effects of education. Education, specifically in America, allows an individual to receive significant opportunities; however, education forces an individual to surrender aspects of personal life in order to obtain the rights that come with e ducation. Rodriguez wanted to use education to give him the opportunity to follow his dream. He proclaimed that making big money was never what he wanted to use education for. Instead, Rodriguez desired to gain knowledge that would allow him to become a better writer. Education provided Rodriguez with the necessary knowledge to become an accredited writer and pursue his dream. Rodriguez’s story of differs from the story of his father. His father received a high school degree once he moved to the UnitedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Richard Rodriguez s Hunger Of Memory 1909 Words   |  8 Pagescompletely unlike any other type of writing, and it is this style of book that author Richard Rodriguez bravely chose to use in Hunger of Memory. Essentially, an autobiography is a book documenting someone’s life; full of their heartbeat and heartaches. Its raw authenticity is so refreshing in comparison to complex literary texts full of hidden metaphors and complicated symbolism. Through th is sort of writing, Rodriguez provides an authentic, honest account of his life while detailing how race playedRead More Analysis of Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez Richard Rodriguez?s essay, Hunger of Memory, narrates the course of his educational career. Rodriguez tells of the unenthusiastic and disheartening factors that he had to endure along with his education such as isolation and lack of innovation. It becomes apparent that Rodriguez believes that only a select few go through the awful experiences that he underwent. But actually the contrary is true. The majority of students do go through theRead MoreHunger For Memory : Education Of Richard Rodriguez894 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding among the individuals without shared values and meanings. In â€Å"Hunger for Memory: Education of Richard Rodriguez†, Rodriquez argues that language takes two forms: private and public. What Richard labels as private is the language of the home, whereas public language is the discourse of public society. Growing up, Richard’s private language was not like the public language, which set Richard apart from his parents. Therefore, Richard explores his acculturated self-identity by analyzing his educationalRead MoreAnalysis Of Richard Rodriguez s A Stranger And Strange Lands Essay2274 Words   |  10 PagesComparative Analysis Over the past month, we have been studying the concept of reading and writing in different communities. To assess this, we have read two different texts. Richard Rodriguez’s the achievement of desire†, from his autobiography â€Å"Hunger of Memory†; and Lucille McCarthy’s â€Å"A Stranger in Strange Lands: A College Student Writing across the Curriculum† from â€Å"Research in the Teaching of English†. Both answer key questions regarding what it takes to become a great reader and writer, howeverRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written r equest to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structureRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesSimon Fraser University v Acknowledgments For the 1993 edition: The following friends and colleagues deserve thanks for their help and encouragement with this project: Clifford Anderson, Hellan Roth Dowden, Louise Dowden, Robert Foreman, Richard Gould, Kenneth King, Marjorie Lee, Elizabeth Perry, Heidi Wackerli, Perry Weddle, Tiffany Whetstone, and the following reviewers: David Adams, California State Polytechnic University; Stanley Baronett, Jr., University of Nevada-Las Vegas; Shirley Analysis Of Richard Rodriguez s Hunger Of Memory An autobiography is completely unlike any other type of writing, and it is this style of book that author Richard Rodriguez bravely chose to use in Hunger of Memory. Essentially, an autobiography is a book documenting someone’s life; full of their heartbeat and heartaches. Its raw authenticity is so refreshing in comparison to complex literary texts full of hidden metaphors and complicated symbolism. Through this sort of writing, Rodriguez provides an authentic, honest account of his life while detailing how race played a role in it. In order to accomplish this, he examines specific aspects of his life and reveals how his culture and skin color affected these areas. Throughout the text it is obvious that the consequences of race are involved in every single part of people’s lives, specifically education, as revealed through the hidden curriculum, language, and religion involved in the classroom. Schools are supposed to teach academic material, but they also teach studen ts how to function in society and fit in with the culture. In a sense, the classroom becomes a sort of miniature community as the educator and students function in a way that reflects the real world outside of classroom doors. Based upon this idea that schools resemble actual society, researchers have drawn â€Å"direct links between the quality of a school’s climate and its educational outcomes† (Jerald). This phenomenon is called the hidden curriculum and â€Å"refers to a range of things (attitudes,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Richard Rodriguez s Hunger Of Memory 1591 Words   |  7 Pagesarguably the base of the American Dream. Any person can start with nearly nothing, but through education, he or she can become successful. In Hunger of Memory, Richard Rodriguez told the story of how education allowed him to change from a boy who was â€Å"...able to understand some fifty stray English words†(9) to a scholar working in the British Museum. Obviously, Rodrig uez appreciates the doors that education opened for him over the course of his life, but his autobiography reveals a dark side to the pursuitRead More Analysis of Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez Richard Rodriguez?s essay, Hunger of Memory, narrates the course of his educational career. Rodriguez tells of the unenthusiastic and disheartening factors that he had to endure along with his education such as isolation and lack of innovation. It becomes apparent that Rodriguez believes that only a select few go through the awful experiences that he underwent. But actually the contrary is true. The majority of students do go through theRead MoreHunger For Memory : Education Of Richard Rodriguez894 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding among the individuals without shared values and meanings. In â€Å"Hunger for Memory: Education of Richard Rodriguez†, Rodriquez argues that language takes two forms: private and public. What Richard labels as private is the language of the home, whereas public language is the discourse of public society. Growing up, Richard’s private language was not like the public language, which set Richard apart from his parents. Therefore, Richard explores his acculturated self-identity by analyzing his educationalRead MoreAnalysis Of Richard Rodriguez s A Stranger And Strange Lands Essay2274 Words   |  10 PagesComparative Analysis Over the past month, we have been studying the concept of reading and writing in different communities. To assess this, we have read two different texts. Richard Rodriguez’s the achievement of desire†, from his autobiography â€Å"Hunger of Memory†; and Lucille McCarthy’s â€Å"A Stranger in Strange Lands: A College Student Writing across the Curriculum† from â€Å"Research in the Teaching of English†. Both answer key questions regarding what it takes to become a great reader and writer, howeverRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written r equest to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structureRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesSimon Fraser University v Acknowledgments For the 1993 edition: The following friends and colleagues deserve thanks for their help and encouragement with this project: Clifford Anderson, Hellan Roth Dowden, Louise Dowden, Robert Foreman, Richard Gould, Kenneth King, Marjorie Lee, Elizabeth Perry, Heidi Wackerli, Perry Weddle, Tiffany Whetstone, and the following reviewers: David Adams, California State Polytechnic University; Stanley Baronett, Jr., University of Nevada-Las Vegas; Shirley

The Gulf War and the role of air power in the Gulf War in 1991 Free Essays

string(250) " alleged that the coalition forces joined the US, â€Å"for more than a Wilsonian ideal; they did so to protect their own respective national interests, not the least of which included oil, the life blood of the world economy† \(Allison, 2012: vii\)\." Introduction The Gulf War remains an important event in modern history for various reasons. Firstly, it can be argued that the Gulf War is significant as it gives the background to the overall recent warfare known as the ‘Iraq War’ (Coyote, 2013, p.24). We will write a custom essay sample on The Gulf War and the role of air power in the Gulf War in 1991 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the perceived reasons for invading Kuwait are still disputed amongst researchers,, the most popular reason given for the invasion is Iraq’s allegation that Kuwait was stealing its oil (Freedman Karsh, 1991, p.52). How far this was a significant cause of the war will be explored, in addition to the role that developing air power played in this War. One of the main questions this essay will attempt to answer is: did air power play a major role in the bringing the War to an endFinally, the essay will discuss the wider impact of the Gulf War on the Iraqi Government, and how it has affected the country in the modern day. Why did the Iraqi Government invade Kuwait? There has been unending debate on what the exact reason Iraqi invaded Kuwait, with scholars disagreeing on what transpired in the events the preceded the breakout of the war (Flanagan, 1991, p.18). It is fair to say that it was a culmination of several factors that led to Kuwait invasion, and no single factor could be seen as the catalyst for military action. Firstly, Iraq was heavily indebted to both Saudi Arabia and Kuwait due to their financial backing of Iraq in its war against Iran (Khadduri Ghareeb 1997, p.1). Kuwait did more than just support the war against Iran financially; they also offered assistance by effectively becoming Iraq’s major port following the closure of Basra at the height of the conflict (Khadduri Ghareeb 1997, p.3). The close tie between Iraqi and Kuwait during the former’s war against Iran later led to Iran targeting the country following its financial support to Iraq. Iraq owed Kuwait more than $80billion, which the Iraqi Government could n ot pay back (Cordesman Wagner1996, p.45). Despite pleas from Iraq to Kuwait to write off $14 billion of the debt, Kuwait refused. The fact that Kuwait were not willing to negotiate the debt in favour of Iraq angered Iraqi Government, further increasing tension between the two countries (Danchev Keohane, 1993, p.23). Another factor widely speculated to have increased the tension between the two countries is when Iraq claimed certain parts of Kuwait were actually Iraqi territory (Khadduri Ghareeb, 1997, p.4). Shortly before the commencement of the war, the Iraqi Government alleged that Kuwait was stealing petroleum from Iraq by way of slant-drilling into Iraq’s Rumaila field (Freedman Karsh, 1991, p.52). This resulted in heated disputes between the two countries, with allegations that Kuwait was stealing oil worth in the region of $2.4 billion (1994, pp.23-30). This, according to Muellor (1994, pp.23-30) arguably put more pressure on a relationship that was already strained. Muellor observe that Kuwait argued that the allegations were ill-founded and fabricated in order to justify Iraq’s resolve to take military action against Kuwait.Foreign firms working in the area took Kuwait’s side, as the common belief built on the belief that the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq was heavily influenced by Iraq’s motivation to obtain the country’s significant petroleum supplies. Some alleged that the decision to invade Kuwait had been mooted a couple of months before Augu st 1990, as the crisis was coming to a climax (Freedman Karsh, 1994, pp. 63-65). Linked to this issue is the allegation by Iraq that Kuwait was overproducing petroleum, which caused a revenue decrease for Iraq. It was estimated that during the period of 1985-1989, every year Iraq suffered a $14 billion deficit as a direct result of Kuwait’s oil production (Finlan, 2003, p.24). Whilst Iraq did try to negotiate with Kuwait, they did not reduce their production, which must have angered the Iraqi government. Some historians say that Iraq viewed this refusal as an act of defiance, which then became a powerful trigger for the War (Fisk, 2006, p.18). Therefore, as is often the case with invasion events, politics, money and oil can be shown to be the underlying causes of military action. An overview of the Gulf War The Gulf War took place between August 1990 and February 1991. Following Iraq’s initial invasion of Kuwait, the main players comprised coalition forces, a combination of 34 different countries led by the United States of America, against Iraq. The Iraqi Republican Guard invaded Kuwait on 2 August 1990 with over 100,000 members of the Iraqi military supported by 700 tanks in the early hours of the morning. This was met immediately by a UN Security Council sanction, which created a ban on all trade with Iraq and the freezing of all its assets (Khadduri Ghareeb, 1997, p.73). By 4 August 1990, most Kuwaiti troops either had been overpowered or had fled to Saudi Arabia or Bahrain. Hundreds of thousands of civilians fled the country and many continued to stay there even after the end of the conflict (Flanagan, 1991, pp.18-26). The initial invasion consisted of intense military action as Iraq looked to show their intention to occupy its neighbor. This action was internationally cond emned, and the UN was strongly encouraged to act and find a way forward (Fulghium, 1991). Countries worldwide called for Iraq’s withdrawal from Kuwait, including countries who were previously its allies, such as France and India. This international pressure against the invasion was seen quickly through immediate economic sanctions being placed against Iraq by the UN. Alongside the period of sanctions, there were efforts to negotiate with Iraq. However, these negotiations broke down, leading the coalition forces to advance their campaign against the invasion. The coalition forces were largely comprised of US military, in addition to troops from the UK, Saudi Arabia and Egypt. The main aim of the coalition troops was to expel the Iraqi military from Kuwait (Fisk, 2006: xvii). This commenced with an aerial assault on 17 January 1991 (Fisk, 2006: xvii). Some alleged that the coalition forces joined the US, â€Å"for more than a Wilsonian ideal; they did so to protect their own respective national interests, not the least of which included oil, the life blood of the world economy† (Allison, 2012: vii). You read "The Gulf War and the role of air power in the Gulf War in 1991" in category "Essay examples" Nevertheless, the rising number of casualties, especially amongst children worried many people. Lesley Stahl said, â€Å"We have heard that a half million children have died. I mean, that’s more children than died in Hiroshima†¦is the price worth it?† (Leigh Wilson, 2001). Secretary of State Madeleine Albright responded with, â€Å"I think this is a very hard choice, but the price – we think the price is worth it† (Leigh Wilson, 2001). An attack on the ground followed on 24 February, which brought a victory for the coalition forces, freeing Kuwait from seven months of Iraqi military occupation (Sulton, 1995, pp.195-200). Following this liberation the coalition entered Iraq and after four days (exactly 100 hours) after the ground assault on Iraq) a ceasefire was declared (Dinackus, 2000, pp. 225-230). Air Power in the Gulf War Given the major use of air power in this war, some refer to the Gulf War as the ‘1991 Bombing of Iraq’, as Iraq military was enthusiastic to show off their airpower in the region. The bombing campaign began on 17 January 1991 and from that time until the end of the conflict, the coalition forces were involved in flying over 100,000 sorties in the region. â€Å"Air power dominated the media images of the Gulf War. Video footage of precision-guided munitions hitting their targets with pinpoint accuracy remains embedded in popular memory† (Finlan, 2003, p.30). It is arguable that one of the main factors forcing the retreat of Iraqi troops was the dropping of 88,500 tons of bombs across the country, which destroyed many areas within cities. The strategy in the air was to target not only Iraqi military sites, but also to destroy structural landmarks. This appears to have made the Iraqi military embark on a defensive strategy in response to the air campaign (Finlan, 200 3, p. 33). Hallion (1992) shares this view, and argues that strategy was evolving, seen in how the coalition air forces targeted places and structures rather than citizens. These air tactics, Hallion argues, allowed coalition forces to control Iraq without causing large fatalities. He maintains that, â€Å"the air commanders of the Allied coalition could approach the prospect of war with Iraq with such confidence in the air† (Hallion, 1992: 4). It is this confidence that stopped the Iraqi air force from being able to compete with the strength and quality of the coalition forces. Posen (2003) agrees with the assertion that air power played a significant role in the Gulf War. He took the view that, â€Å"air power alone may not be able to determine the outcome of all wars, but is a significant asset. Moreover, US air power has proven potentially devastating to mechanized ground forces operating offensively†¦as was discovered in the only Iraqi mechanized offensive† (Posen, 2003: 16) This shows that, whilst air power was not on its own sufficient for the coalition forces to be outright successfully, it did contribute greatly to the overall result. In contrast, however, Press disagrees with this argument and puts forward the view that, â€Å"even after 5 weeks of bombing, the best Iraqi units†¦were willing to maneuver into the path of US forces.† (Press, 2001: 37). Although Press does agree with Hallion that the coalition forces were more superior when military supplies and availability of resources were compared. The press argues that sup erior military resources were the main factor why US-led allied team won the war, rather than the much publicised air power. However, there is considerable support among historians for the idea that air power played a significant part in Iraq’s defeat. This includes Schultz and Phaftzgraff who argue that the strategy in the air campaign was an overarching reason why the ground assault brought rapid, total success: â€Å"All major government, military, and party headquarters were wrecked; both civil and military telecommunications were totally silenced; Iraqi air defences were largely incapacitated.† (Schultz Phaftzgraff, 2001: 19). This strategy of destroying main services greatly helped the coalition forces and because of this, many scholars argue that air power played a valuable and significant role in their victory. It was true, however, that Iraqi forces had air power of their own too, and this was evident when they started off their intensive military invasion of Kuwait (Fulghum, 1991: 71-73). One of the reasons for the relatively quick takeover of Kuwait by the Iraqi military was that the former was taken by surprise, and was not able to offer much resistance, particularly in the air (Sayenga, 1991). Therefore, even at the outset of the war, air played a part, by assisting Iraq to take over Kuwait in a very speedy manner. However, when the competing allied forces confronted the Iraqi forces with similar airpower, the latter soon realised that their airpower were less superior. Despite the use of ground-to-air missiles by the Iraqi military, they were no match to the allied forces’ military ability (Morrocco, 1991: 40-43). USAF Lieutenant General Chuck Horner led the coalition forces and the overall military air strategy included the deployment of Tomahawk cruise missiles from warships. As part of the air campaign, A-10 Thunderbolts bombing large sections of Iraq, causing considerable military and civilian deaths. It can be safely argued that the air campaign led to the destruction of much of the Iraqi armed forces, and that without this air campaign, the result might have affected the outcome, such is its importance in the Gulf War. When the coalition forces were combined, their artillery total was 2,250 combat aircraft, which was significant under any circumstances, but was particularly damaging when compared to the 500 members of the Iraqi air force (Hallion, 1992). The air campaign is often referred to by its code-name, â€Å"Operation Desert Storm† and more than 1,000 sorties were sent on a daily basis (Finlan, 2003: 30-32). Iraqi defence forces were not able to stand up to this military assault, particularly when â€Å" the first night of operations over Iraq witnessed the longest bombing run in history†(Finlan, 2003: 35). This puts into perspective how significant the role of air power was, as it had never before been seen on this scale in any war in the history. The casualty numbers were kept to a minimum for the coalition forces who only suffered 75 aircraft losses out of 100,000 sorties. Faced with this air bombing onslaught, many of the Iraqi air forces fled to Iran. This was unexpected, as coalition military had assumed that the escape might be towards Jordan and had adapted their strategy for this action. After just a few weeks, the air power assault had mostly stopped by 24 February, with the successful entry into Kuwait by coalition troops. It is arguably not a coincidence that the end of the bombing campaign and the end of the War came close together. The impact of the Gulf War on the Iraqi Government Following the passing of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 in 1991, the UN deployed several other controversial measures against Iraq, (Cortright Lopez, 2000). As in the aftermath of any War, the Iraqi Government continued to experience financial difficulties as the rising costs of the war impacted across the country (Alnaswari 2000:89-119). Following the extensive bombing campaign by the coalition forces, the Iraqi Government had to start the process of reconstructing major towns and cities that had been severely destroyed by the bombs. It was reported that Iraqi planners believedthe coalition’s intention had been â€Å"to destroy or damage valuable facilities that Baghdad could not repair without foreign assistance. The worst civilian suffering, senior officers say, has resulted not from bombs that went astray but from precision-guided weapons that hit exactly where they were aimed at electrical plants, oil refineries and transportation networks.† (Gellman1991). However, it is in economic terms that the real impact of the Gulf War was felt. Alnasrawi has argued that oil was Iraq’s ‘gold dust,’ forming the bedrock of their economy and therefore the UN sanctions virtually destroyed this industry with the closure of 90% ports and 97% of exports (Alnasrawi, 2000:89-119). As long after the war as 1996, Iraq was in a dire situation, with a humanitarian crisis, and the UN agreed to offer temporary oil-for-food (OFF) program where Iraq was permitted to sell oil under very stringent conditions. Historians disagree and argue about the exact effect of this on the Iraqi Government; one report stated that, â€Å"Even under the most benign conditions, OFF only allows Iraq to be run as a relatively efficient refugee camp in which people get just about enough food to eat† (Gazdar, 2002). Although it has also been suggested that â€Å"Between the springs of 2000 and 2002, [US and UK] holds on humanitarian goods tripled† (Gor don, 2002), the financial ruin that the Iraqi Government found itself in, was as a direct result of the Gulf War. Conclusion With its many casualties and serious effect on global politics, the Gulf War remains a crucial landscape when considering modern politics, particularly in the Middle Eastern region. During its occupation by the Iraqi military, more than 1000 Kuwaiti civilians died, and thousands more fled the country never to return. As it has been shown here, there are a number of factors put forward as contributing to the invasion of Kuwait, and it has been this essay’s aim to argue that the allegation that Kuwait was stealing oil from illegal sources was the ultimate catalyst for the war, rather than the main reason. There were many different forces at play as relations between the two countries had reached volatile to say the least. Nevertheless, what is also interesting in this debate is the suggestion that interest in the conflict from coalition forces came out of an attraction to Kuwait’s oil production. Oil is in increasing demand within the Western World and it is not surprisin g that many see it as a strong underlying motive for – or at least, a significant factor in – the Coalition’s engagement. This is summed up very well by Finlan, who states, â€Å"The critical issue that transformed the situation in the Gulf from a regional dispute into a full-blown international crisis was, above all, the substantial oil reserves in that area and the world’s dependence on this ‘black gold.’ If left to his own devices, Saddam Hussein possessed the ability to have influence over, or outright control of, 40 per cent of the known oil supplies on the planet by combining his own reserves with Kuwait and possibly, that of Saudi Arabia.† (Finlan, 2003: 9). In addition, it has been proposed here shown that air power had a significant role to play in the war and its eventual conclusion. The Iraqi Air Force were no match for the advanced technology at the disposal of the Coalition military, made clear during the extensive bombing campaign and also from the defensive strategy which the Iraqi army were forced to take. It has been this essay’s objective to provide evidence for the contention that the role of air power was considerable. Without the serious impact the bombing campaign had on the Iraqi forces and the Iraq infrastructure, no one knows how the Gulf War would have developed, how long it would have lasted, and what other consequences there might have been. Many lives were lost and it was clear that the Iraqi Government could not compete with the sheer scale of its opponents or stop the devastating impact on its civilians. The aftermath of the Gulf War therefore had a considerable impact upon the Iraqi Government. Arguably, the most significant effect of the war was on the economy, asthe war â€Å"produced serious hardships to the people and set the economy back to 19th Century status† (Alnasrawi, 2000: 89-119). Many academics working in this field believe that, the Gulf War laid the foundations for the more recent ‘Iraq War’ in 2003, which extends its significance even further to say the least. References Allison, W. (2012) The Gulf War, 1990-91 Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan Alnasrawi, A. (2000) Iraq: Economic Embargo and Predatory Rule Oxford: OUP Cordesman, A. Wagner, (1996) A.The Lessons of Modern War, Vol IV – The Gulf War Oxford: OUP Cortright, David, And George A. Lopez. (2000) The Sanctions Decade: Assessing UN Strategies in the 1990s. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Coyote, C. (2013) Iraq War 2013: What Really Happened Behind the Scenes, US: Charles Edmond Coyote. Danchev, A. Keohane, D. (1993) International Perspectives on the Gulf Conflict: 1990-91 London: Palgrave Macmillan Dinackus, T. (2000) Order of Battle – Allied Ground Forces of Operation Desert Storm, Oregon: Hellgate Press Finlan, A. (2003) The Gulf War 1991 (Essential Histories) Oxford: Osprey Publishings Fisk, R. (2006) The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East London: Harper Collins Flanagan, E. (1991) ‘The 100-Hour War,’ Army, April, 1991, pp 18-26. Freedman, L. Karsh, E. (1994) The Gulf Conflict 1990-1991 and Diplomacy and War in the New World Order London: Princeton University Press Fulghum, D. A. (1991). Allied Air Power, Forward Controllers Back Arabs to Make Their Drive Succeed. Aviation Week Space Technology, 134(16), 71-73. Gazdar, H. (2002) â€Å"Pre-Modern, Modern, and Post Modern Famine in Iraq† Institute of Development Studies Bulletin, The New Famines, October, Vol. 33. Gellman, B, (1991) ‘Allied Air War Struck Broadly in Iraq: Officials Acknowledge Strategy Went Beyond Purely Military Targets’ Washington Post, (June 23, 1991) Gordon, J., (Dec, 2002) ‘Cool War’Harper’s Magazine. Available at: http://harpers.org/archive/2002/11/cool-war/ [accessed 28 February 2014] Hallion, R. (1992) Storm over Iraq – Air Power and the Gulf War, Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press Hillen, J. (1991) ‘2nd Armoured Cavalry: The Campaign to Liberate Kuwait’ Armor, July-August, pp 8-12 Khaddori, M Ghareeb, E. (1997) War in the Gulf 1990-91 Oxford: OUP Leigh, D. Wilson, J. (10 October 2001) ‘Counting Iraq’s Victims’ The Guardian Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/10/iraq.socialsciences [accessed 28 February 2014]. Morrocco, J. (1991) ‘War will Reshape Doctrine, but Lessons are Limited’ Aviation Week and Space Technology, April 22, pp 40-43. Muellor, J. (1994) Policy and Opinion in the Gulf War Chicago: University of Chicago Press Posen, B.R. (2003) Command of the Commons: The Military Foundations of U.S Hegemony, International Security pp 5-46. Press, D.G. (2001) ‘The Myth of Air Power in the Persian Gulf War and the Future of Warfare’ International Security, Vol 26, Issue 2, pp 5-44 Sayenga, K. ‘Wings over the Gulf’ The Discovery Channel: Bethesda, 1991 Schultz, R. Pfaltzgraff, R. L. (1992) The Future of Air Power in the aftermath of the Gulf War Alabama: Air University Press Sulton, B. (1995) Desert Warrior: A Personal View of the Gulf War by the Joint Forces Commander London: HarperCollins How to cite The Gulf War and the role of air power in the Gulf War in 1991, Essay examples

Technology is making us alienated free essay sample

We, human beings, live in a technologically advanced world. We always claim that we live in a global village, advent of technologies have made the world into a global village. Our communication and transportation facilities are in such a fast space so, the reach from one corner of the world to another is very fast. Although, all these technologies are for the efficient function of human beings, these technologies themselves make human beings alienated from his fellow human beings. We live in a fast space and we dont have time for the other. We are possessing all kinds of communication devices and vehicles for the transportation, despite all these facilities we spend most of our time in our enclosed rooms, meddling with technological devices like, mobile, laptop and internet. Though we all have mobile phones we dont have time to call people who are close to us and to know what is happening with them. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology is making us alienated or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although we have all possible communication facilities and the irony is that we have lots of miscommunication and misunderstanding happening now. I would like to say that internet is the blessing as well as the greatest curse of the time. I dont disagree that internet has been a blessing; as we always live in the cyber world spending large chunk of our time, which could be converted to some other productive purposes and advent of social networking sites have worsened the scenario. Remember, we all lived in an era where there were no technological advancements like mobile phones and personal vehicles, in spite of all that we had time for others and we knew who our neighbors were; what was happening with people who were around us. We used to go to the houses of our neighbors and visit people who were sick. Though we did not have any transportation facility we used to be punctual everywhere, even in church for Sunday service. Whereas now we live amid the facilities, we have communication devices and transportation facilities but we dont have time for others and we dont know who our neighbors are, we have no clue on what is happening with them. We dont go to the houses of our neighbors at all and not even bothered to  visit people who are sick. Though we have car and other motor vehicles at home we are not at all punctual anywhere and even we are too late to church on Sundays. Technology has created a world of its own and we are made the prisoners of that world. Technology has made us less human and more mechanical like the way technology functions. Our socialization and social relationship are badly affected and everything is turned to artificial. Technology is not producing the desired results in our society, instead of keeping the human bond intact and making more human interaction possible, technology makes human beings alienated from one another.